– Our results show that it is not enough simply to install an advanced storage technology. Monitoring, control strategies and integration with the surrounding energy system are at least as important as the storage itself, says Justin Chiu, Associate Professor in Energy Systems at KTH Royal Institute of Technology and project leader of the HECTAPUS project.

Justin Chiu.
The HECTAPUS project, which will be presented at a webinar in October, has evaluated phase change materials (PCM) in combination with underground thermal energy storage (UTES) and heat pump technology. Put simply, PCM makes it possible to store heat or cooling by utilizing the phase transition of a material as it melts or solidifies. The evaluation combined real-life operational monitoring with material characterization and energy system modelling.
The project includes installations of varying sizes and configurations in Sweden, Norway and Türkiye, ranging from 20 kWh solar-assisted heating and cooling systems to MWh-scale PCM cooling storage systems.
– This has provided us with a valuable basis for comparing different technologies, climatic conditions and operating strategies, says Justin Chiu.
An important aspect of the project was the integration of short-term PCM storage with underground thermal energy storage and heat pumps.
– The objective is to combine the high energy density and compact design of PCM storage with the long-term storage capability of underground thermal energy storage systems, while also investigating how operation and control can be optimized.
One finding that particularly caught Justin Chiu’s attention was the large gap that can exist between the designed or nominal performance of a thermal storage system and its actual performance in operation.
– We identified one installation that had been reported to have an actual cooling capacity of around 100 kWh, despite an installed capacity of 275 kWh. In practice, thermal energy storage systems are often not systematically monitored after commissioning. This makes it difficult to identify performance deficiencies and improve operation, which is one of the key challenges addressed by the project.
According to Justin Chiu, the project’s results demonstrate how thermal energy storage can make heat pump-based heating and cooling systems more flexible and better integrated with both underground and above-ground energy systems.
– The future value of heat pumps will increasingly depend on when they operate, not only on how efficiently they perform at a specific operating point. By combining heat pumps with short-term PCM storage and long-term underground thermal energy storage, heat or cooling can be produced when operating conditions are favourable and used later when demand is higher. This creates opportunities to reduce peak loads and ease the burden on electricity and thermal networks, says Justin Chiu.
About the Webinar
On 8 October, Termo will host the webinar “Heat pumps and thermal energy storage in synergy: Maximising benefits for the energy system”.
Read more and register here.